Chronic endometritis of the uterus - what is it, symptoms, causes and treatment of chronic endometritis

According to statistics from various authors, the incidence of the disease varies within very wide limits - from 3 to 70%. This variability is due to the lack of uniform pathomorphological criteria for diagnosis and significant differences in the material sent for research. Women of reproductive age are most often affected - this category accounts for about 97% of all patients.

The disease is always a consequence of acute inflammation, which is not completely cured. The result of this is prolonged chronic endometritis. The main threat posed by a chronic inflammatory process is infertility, so the problem is not only medical, but also social in nature. In addition to problems with conception, the pathology sharply reduces the likelihood of successful in vitro fertilization and provokes various complications during pregnancy, including premature birth.

What is uterine endometritis?

With endometritis of the uterus, the inflammatory process covers the upper layer (mucous membrane) of the endometrium. This disease should be distinguished from endomyometritis, in which the infection affects deeper tissue areas: the myometrium and the basal layer of the endometrium (Endometrium). Endometritis, like any other inflammatory process, can occur acutely or chronically. The causative agents of this process can be:

chlamydia;
group B streptococci;
Proteus;
coli;
mycoplasma (Mycoplasmagenitalium);
diphtheria bacillus.

Also, various viruses can be causative agents of the inflammatory process in the uterus, but the symptoms of the disease look similar.

What is the prevention of endometritis?

To avoid encountering an unpleasant disease (endometritis), experts advise:

be sure to use personal hygiene products,
do not have sexual relations with a huge number of partners,
promptly and correctly diagnose and treat any diseases of the genitourinary system,
use protective methods together with a doctor,
take tests for the presence of infections and other inflammatory diseases before any medical manipulations in the uterine area,
drink general health-improving medications.

It is also necessary to take care of your health and go to the gynecologist for preventive examinations 2 times a year.

Symptoms and signs of uterine endometritis

The main symptoms of acute endometritis include severe pain in the lower abdomen, high fever, and unusual bleeding. When a woman develops endometritis in old age, pus may accumulate in the uterus. This condition is called pyometra and is diagnosed by a simple examination: the uterus has a spherical shape, increased size, and softness.

Chronic endometritis of the uterus is characterized by less severe symptoms:

body temperature may remain normal;
a woman may notice slight pain in the lumbar region;
the condition is accompanied by light discharge mixed with pus;
the menstrual cycle may be disrupted;
A gynecological examination reveals tenderness of the uterus and its enlarged size.

What complications can you encounter?

If you miss an exacerbation of chronic endometritis , the following may appear:

thrombosis of the lower extremities, pelvic veins,
blood poisoning,
severe disruption of menstruation, which requires long-term recovery,
difficulty conceiving,
pelvic pain syndrome.

You will always feel pain, it will be aching and as exhausting as possible.

severe chronic endometritis is not treated , then the acute form has a positive course, and in the chronic form you can conceive a baby. The main thing is to monitor the disease and follow the gynecologist’s instructions.

Uterine endometritis and pregnancy

The presence of endometritis in a woman’s history, as well as the presence of its chronic form, can cause problems with pregnancy. The presence of inflamed areas of the endometrium prevents the implantation of a fertilized egg. Even if implantation is successful, the inflamed endometrium may simply reject the embryo at a short stage of pregnancy.

Endometritis of the uterus and pregnancy are completely incompatible. That is why a woman suffering from a chronic form of the disease must undergo a long course of treatment and recovery.

Only after this does she get a real chance of successfully becoming pregnant and carrying a child to term. Otherwise, she may face infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and even ineffective IVF (in vitro fertilization).

Expert opinion

The widespread prevalence of this disease among women of reproductive age turns endometritis from a purely gynecological problem into a social problem. This is due to a decrease in the chances of conception and normal pregnancy in patients with endometritis, which can lead to a decrease in the birth rate in the country.

Obstetrician-gynecologist of the highest category Oksana Anatolyevna Gartleb

Small pelvis - risk factors

Factors that increase the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory diseases:

unprotected sexual intercourse;
women under 25 years of age have an active sexual life;
sexual relations with many partners;
procedure for inserting an intrauterine device;
Regular vaginal douching, which disrupts the balance between “good” and “bad” bacteria in the vagina, can also mask obvious signs of infection;
a problem with pelvic inflammatory disease or a sexually transmitted disease in the past.

How to treat uterine endometritis

Most cases of endometritis are associated with the proliferation of harmful bacteria. That is why acute uterine endometritis is treated exclusively with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and when the viral nature of the inflammation is detected, antiviral drugs and immunomodulators, such as “Evening Primrose Oil,” are added to the treatment regimen. Gynocomfort. The product was developed by specialists from the pharmaceutical company VERTEX. Like all Ginocomfort products, Evening Primrose Oil has the necessary documents and quality certificates.

Chronic endometritis of the uterus requires more “deep” work. In addition to antibiotics (in the form of suppositories or tablets) and antiviral drugs, doctors prescribe proteolytics, drugs to improve blood microcirculation, vitamin complexes and physiotherapeutic procedures. All auxiliary treatment is aimed at improving the blood supply to the uterus and restoring the protective properties of the inner surface. That is why, when treating a chronic form of the disease, strengthening the overall immune system is so important.

Reducing stress, changing your diet in favor of fruits and vegetables, giving up bad habits - all this should be carried out simultaneously with the course of treatment prescribed by the doctor.

Sometimes hormonal therapy is necessary to treat endometritis. This applies to cases where the disease is caused by a disruption in the process of growth and rejection of the endometrium. In this case, the woman may notice constant irregularities in the menstrual cycle, so treatment for this condition most often comes down to the prescription of birth control pills, which help restore normal menstruation. Treatment lasts 3-6 months.

Modern aspects of the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in women

Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs are characterized by various manifestations, depending on the level of damage and the strength of the inflammatory reaction. The disease develops when a pathogen (enterococci, bacteroides, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas) penetrates into the genital tract and in the presence of favorable conditions for its development and reproduction. These conditions occur in the postpartum or post-abortion period, during menstruation, during various intrauterine manipulations (introduction of intrauterine contraceptives (IUC), hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingography, diagnostic curettage) [1, 5].

Existing natural protective mechanisms, such as anatomical features, local immunity, the acidic environment of the vagina, the absence of endocrine disorders or serious extragenital diseases, can in the vast majority of cases prevent the development of genital infection.

In response to the invasion of a particular microorganism, an inflammatory response occurs, which, based on the latest concepts of the development of the septic process, is usually called a “systemic inflammatory response” [16, 17, 18].

Endometritis

Acute endometritis always requires antibacterial therapy. The basal layer of the endometrium is affected by the inflammatory process due to the invasion of specific or nonspecific pathogens. Endometrial protective mechanisms, congenital or acquired, such as T-lymphocytes and other elements of cellular immunity, are directly related to the action of sex hormones, especially estradiol, act in conjunction with the macrophage population and protect the body from damaging factors. With the onset of menstruation, this barrier on a large surface of the mucous membrane disappears, which makes it possible to become infected. Another source of protection in the uterus is the infiltration of the underlying tissues with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the rich blood supply of the uterus, which promotes adequate perfusion of the organ with blood and nonspecific humoral protective elements contained in its serum: transferrin, lysozyme, opsonins [16].

The inflammatory process can spread to the muscle layer, and metroendometritis and metrothrombophlebitis occur with a severe clinical course. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by a disorder of microcirculation in the affected tissues, expressed by exudation; with the addition of anaerobic flora, necrotic destruction of the myometrium can occur [12].

Clinical manifestations of acute endometritis are characterized already on the 3rd–4th day after infection by an increase in body temperature, tachycardia, leukocytosis with a band shift, and an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Moderate enlargement of the uterus is accompanied by pain, especially along its ribs (along the blood and lymphatic vessels). Purulent-bloody discharge appears. The acute stage of endometritis lasts 8–10 days and requires quite serious treatment. With proper treatment, the process ends, less often it turns into a subacute and chronic form, and even less often, with independent and indiscriminate antibiotic therapy, endometritis can take a milder abortive course [5, 12].

Treatment of acute endometritis, regardless of the severity of its manifestations, begins with antibacterial infusion, desensitizing and restorative therapy.

Antibiotics are best prescribed taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen to them; the dose and duration of antibiotic use are determined by the severity of the disease. Due to the threat of anaerobic infection, additional use of metronidazole is recommended. Given the very rapid course of endometritis, the preferred antibiotics are cephalosporins with aminoglycosides and metronidazole. For example, cefamandole (or cefuroxime, cefotaxime) 1.0–2.0 g 3–4 times a day intramuscularly or intravenously drip + gentamicin 80 mg 3 times a day intramuscularly + metronidazole 100 ml intravenously drip.

Instead of cephalosporins, you can use semi-synthetic penicillins (for abortive cases), for example, ampicillin 1.0 g 6 times a day. The duration of such combined antibacterial therapy depends on the clinic and laboratory response, but not less than 7–10 days.

To prevent dysbacteriosis, from the first days of antibiotic treatment, nystatin 250,000 units 4 times a day or fluconazole 50 mg per day for 1–2 weeks orally or intravenously is used [5].

Detoxification infusion therapy may include the administration of infusion agents, for example: Ringer's solution - 500 ml, polyionic solutions - 400 ml, 5% glucose solution - 500 ml, 10% calcium chloride solution - 10 ml, unithiol with 5% ascorbic acid solution, 5 ml 3 times a day. In the presence of hypoproteinemia, it is advisable to carry out infusions of protein solutions (albumin), blood replacement solutions, plasma, red blood cells, and amino acid preparations [12].

Physiotherapeutic treatment occupies one of the leading places in the treatment of acute endometritis. It not only reduces the inflammatory process in the endometrium, but also stimulates ovarian function. When normalizing the temperature reaction, it is advisable to prescribe low-intensity ultrasound, inductothermy with a high-frequency or ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic field, magnetic therapy, and laser therapy.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (have anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects):
– paracetamol + ibuprofen 1-2 tablets 3 times a day – 10 days;
– diclofenac rectally in suppositories or orally 50 mg 2 times a day – 10–15 days;
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– indomethacin rectally in suppositories or orally, 50 mg 2 times a day – 10–15 days;
– naproxen 500 mg 2 times a day rectally in suppositories or orally – 10–15 days.
Preparations of recombinant interferons (have an immunomodulatory, antiviral effect, enhance the effect of antibiotics): interferon a-2b or interferon a 500,000 IU 2 times a day rectally in suppositories - 10 days.
Interferon inducers (have immunomodulatory, antiviral effects):
– methylglucamine acridone acetate 250 mg intramuscularly every other day – 10 days;
– sodium oxodihydroacridinyl acetate 250 mg intramuscularly every other day for 10 days.

is recommended .

Combined enzyme preparation (has anti-inflammatory, trophic effect): Wobenzym 3-5 tablets 3 times a day.
Homeopathic remedies (have an anti-inflammatory effect, in combination with other drugs normalizes ovarian function): gynecohel 10 drops 3 times a day.
Traditional methods of therapy: physiotherapy, herbal medicine, hirudotherapy, acupuncture, physical therapy.
Methods of gravitational blood surgery: plasmapheresis, endovascular laser irradiation of blood (ELBI), ultraviolet irradiation of blood, intravenous administration of ozonized 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
Combined oral contraceptives (medium-, low-dose, monophasic) 1 tablet per day - from the 5th to the 25th day of the cycle for 3-6 months:
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + levonorgestrel 150 mcg (rigevidon);
– ethinyl estradiol 35 mcg + norgestimate 250 mcg (Sileste);
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + gestodene 75 mcg (femoden);
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + desogestrel 150 mcg (Marvelon).

Additional treatment on menstrual days includes the following.

Tetracyclines (have a wide spectrum of action: gram-positive cocci, spore-forming bacteria, non-spore-forming bacteria, gram-negative cocci and bacilli, chlamydia, mycoplasma): doxycycline 100 mg 2 times a day.

Macrolides (active against gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria, gardnerella, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas):

– azithromycin 500 mg 2 times a day;

– roxithromycin 150 mg 2 times a day;

– clarithromycin 250 mg 2 times a day.

Fluoroquinolones (active against all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria): ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 times a day; ofloxacin - 800 mg once a day for 10-14 days.

Nitroimidazole derivatives (active against anaerobes, protozoa): metronidazole 500 mg 4 times a day.

Antifungal agents (active against fungi of the genus Candida):

– nystatin 250,000 units 4 times a day;

– natamycin 100 mg 4 times a day;

– fluconazole – 150 mg once.

Acute salpingoophoritis

It is one of the most common diseases of inflammatory etiology in women. Every fifth woman who has suffered salpingo-oophoritis is at risk of infertility. Adnexitis can cause a high risk of ectopic pregnancy and pathological course of pregnancy and childbirth. The fallopian tubes are the first to be affected, and the inflammatory process can involve all layers of the mucous membrane of one or both tubes, but more often catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tube occurs - endosalpingitis. Inflammatory exudate, accumulating in the tube, often flows through the ampullary opening into the abdominal cavity, adhesions form around the tube, and the abdominal opening of the tube closes. A saccular tumor develops in the form of a hydrosalpinx with transparent serous contents or in the form of a pyosalpinx with purulent contents. Subsequently, the serous exudate of the hydrosalpinx resolves as a result of treatment, and the purulent pyosalpinx can perforate into the abdominal cavity. The purulent process can involve wider areas of the pelvis, spreading to all nearby organs [9, 10, 13].

Inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis) as a primary disease is rare; infection occurs in the area of the ruptured follicle, since the rest of the ovarian tissue is well protected by the covering germinal epithelium. In the acute stage, swelling and small cell infiltration are observed. Sometimes, in the cavity of the follicle of the corpus luteum or small follicular cysts, ulcers and microabscesses form, which, merging, form an ovarian abscess or pyovarium. In practice, it is impossible to diagnose an isolated inflammatory process in the ovary, and this is not necessary. Currently, only 25–30% of patients with acute adnexitis have a pronounced picture of inflammation; the remaining patients experience a transition to a chronic form, when therapy is stopped after a rapid subsidence of inflammation.

Acute salpingoophoritis is also treated with antibiotics (preferably third generation fluoroquinolones - ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin), as it is often accompanied by pelvioperitonitis - inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum.

For mild forms, the following is prescribed.

1. Antibacterial therapy orally for 5–7 days.

A combination of penicillins and b-lactamase inhibitors (have a wide spectrum of action (staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Shigella, gonococcus, bacteroides, salmonella): amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 625 mg 3 times a day.
Tetracyclines (have a wide spectrum of action: gram-positive cocci, spore-forming bacteria, non-spore-forming bacteria, gram-negative cocci and bacilli, chlamydia, mycoplasma): doxycycline 100 mg 2 times a day.
Macrolides (active against gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria, gardnerella, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas):
– azithromycin 500 mg 2 times a day;
– roxithromycin 150 mg 2 times a day;
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– clarithromycin 250 mg 2 times a day.
Fluoroquinolones (active against all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria):
– ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 times a day;
– ofloxacin – 800 mg once a day – 10–14 days.

2. Oral nitroimidazole derivatives (active against anaerobes, protozoa):

– metronidazole 500 mg 3 times a day;

– ornidazole 500 mg 3 times a day.

3. Oral antifungals (active against Candida fungi):

– nystatin 500,000 units 4 times a day;

– natamycin 100 mg 4 times a day;

– fluconazole – 150 mg once.

4. Oral antihistamines (prevent the development of allergic reactions):

– fexofenadine 180 mg 1 time per day;

– chloropyramine 25 mg 2 times a day.

Additional treatments include the following.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (have anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects):
– paracetamol + ibuprofen 1-2 tablets 3 times a day;
– diclofenac or indomethacin rectally in suppositories or orally, 50 mg 2 times a day – 10–15 days;
– naproxen 500 mg 2 times a day rectally in suppositories or orally – 10–15 days.
Preparations of recombinant interferons (have an immunomodulatory, antiviral effect): interferon α-2β or interferon α 500,000 IU 2 times a day in suppositories for 10 days.
Multivitamin preparations with antioxidant effects: Vitrum, Centrum, Duovit, Supradin, 1 tablet for 1 month.

In severe cases, the following groups of drugs are prescribed.

1. Antibacterial therapy orally for 7–10 days. During antibacterial therapy, the clinical effectiveness of the drug combination is assessed after 3 days, and if necessary, drugs are changed after 5–7 days.

Cephalosporins of the III, IV generations (active against gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci): cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime 0.5–1 g 2 times a day intravenously.
A combination of penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors (has a wide spectrum of action: staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Shigella, gonococcus, bacteroides, salmonella): amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1.2 g 3 times a day intravenously.
Fluoroquinolones (active against all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria):
– ciprofloxacin 1000 mg once a day;
– pefloxacin, ofloxacin 200 mg 2 times a day intravenously.
Aminoglycosides (have a wide spectrum of action: gram-positive cocci, gram-negative aerobes):
– gentamicin 240 mg 1 time per day intravenously;
– amikacin 500 mg 2 times a day intravenously.
Carbapenems (active against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes): imipenem/cilastatin or meropenem 500–1000 mg 2–3 times daily intravenously.
Lincosamides (active against gram-positive aerobes and gram-negative anaerobes): lincomycin 600 mg 3 times a day intravenously.

2. Antifungal agents (active against fungi of the genus Candida): fluconazole 150 mg once orally.

3. Nitroimidazole derivatives (active against anaerobes, protozoa): metronidazole 500 mg 2 times a day intravenously.

4. Colloidal, crystalloid solutions (intravenous drip):

– rheopolyglucin 400 ml;

– reogluman 400 ml;

– glucose 5% solution 400 ml.

5. Vitamins and vitamin-like substances (have an antioxidant effect). Intravenous stream or drip in 0.9% sodium chloride solution:

– ascorbic acid 5% solution 5 ml;

– cocarboxylase 100 mg.

Additional treatments include the following.

Human immunoglobulins - normal human immunoglobulin (contains immunoglobulin G, complements antibacterial therapy for severe infections), intravenously at a dose of 0.2–0.8 g/kg body weight.
Preparations of recombinant interferons (have an antiviral, immunomodulatory effect, enhance the effect of antibiotics): interferon α-2β 500,000 IU 2 times a day rectally in suppositories - 10 days.
Interferon inducers (have antiviral, immunomodulatory effects):
– methylglucamine acridone acetate 250 mg intramuscularly every other day – 10 days;
– sodium oxodihydroacridinyl acetate 250 mg intramuscularly every other day for 10 days.
Methods of gravitational blood surgery (have detoxification, immunostimulating, antimicrobial, antiviral effects): plasmapheresis, intravenous administration of ozonated 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
Laparoscopy, inspection and sanitation of the pelvic cavity, rinsing the pelvic cavity with ozonated 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

Treatment for chronic salpingoophoritis includes the following.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (have anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects):
– paracetamol + ibuprofen 1-2 tablets 3 times a day after meals – 10 days;
- diclofenac or indomethacin rectally in suppositories or orally 50 mg 2 times a day - 10-15 days;
– naproxen 500 mg 2 times a day rectally in suppositories or orally – 10–15 days.
Preparations of recombinant interferons (have an immunomodulatory, antiviral effect, enhance the effect of antibiotics): interferon α-2β or interferon α 500,000 IU 2 times a day rectally in suppositories (10 days).
Interferon inducers (have an immunomodulatory, antiviral effect): methylglucamine acridone acetate or sodium oxodihydroacridinyl acetate 250 mg intramuscularly every other day - 10 days.

Additional treatment is recommended.

Combined enzyme preparation (has anti-inflammatory, trophic effect): Wobenzym 3-5 tablets 3 times a day.
Traditional methods of therapy: physiotherapy, herbal medicine, hirudotherapy, acupuncture, physical therapy.
Methods of gravitational blood surgery: plasmapheresis, ELBI, ultraviolet irradiation of blood, intravenous administration of ozonized 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
Combined oral contraceptives (medium-, low-dose, monophasic) 1 tablet per day - from the 5th to the 25th day of the cycle for 3-6 months:
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + levonorgestrel 150 mcg (rigevidon)
– ethinyl estradiol 35 mcg + norgestimate 250 mcg (Sileste).
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + gestodene 75 mcg (femoden)
– ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + desogestrel 150 mcg (Marvelon).

Low-dose oral contraceptive drugs normalize the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system. With long-term use, monitoring of hemostasis and liver function is necessary.

Homeopathic remedies (have an anti-inflammatory effect, in combination with other drugs normalize ovarian function): gynecohel 10 drops 3 times a day.

Pelvioperitonitis

Inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum most often occurs secondary to the penetration of infection into the abdominal cavity from an infected uterus (with endometritis, infected abortion, ascending gonorrhea), from the fallopian tubes, ovaries, from the intestines, with appendicitis, especially with its pelvic location. In this case, an inflammatory reaction of the peritoneum is observed with the formation of serous, serous-purulent or purulent effusion. The condition of patients with moderate pelvioperitonitis, the temperature rises, the pulse quickens, but the function of the cardiovascular system is slightly impaired. With pelvioperitonitis, the intestine remains unbloated, palpation of the upper half of the abdominal organs is painless, and symptoms of peritoneal irritation are determined only above the pubis and in the iliac regions. However, patients note severe pain in the lower abdomen, there may be retention of stool and gas, and sometimes vomiting. The level of leukocytes is increased, the leukocyte formula shifts to the left, the ESR is accelerated. Gradually increasing intoxication worsens the condition of patients [14, 15].

Treatment of salpingoophoritis with or without pelvioperitonitis begins with a mandatory examination of the patient for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics. The most important thing is to determine the etiology of inflammation. Today, benzylpenicillin is widely used for the treatment of specific gonorrheal process, although drugs such as ceftriaxone, perazone, ceftazidime are preferable.

The “gold standard” in the treatment of salpingoophoritis from antibiotic therapy is the administration of cefotaxime at a dose of 1.0–2.0 g 2–4 times a day intramuscularly or 1 dose - 2.0 g intravenously in combination with gentamicin 80 mg 3 times a day (Gentamicin can be administered once at a dose of 160 mg intramuscularly). It is imperative to combine these drugs with intravenous administration of metronidazole 100 ml 1-3 times a day. The course of antibiotic treatment should be carried out for at least 5–7 days and you can vary mainly the basic drug by prescribing cephalosporins of the second and third generation (cefamandole, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, perazone, ceftazidime and others at a dose of 2–4 g per day) [14].

If standard antibiotic therapy is ineffective, ciprofloxacin is used at a dosage of 500 mg 2 times a day for 7–10 days.

In case of acute inflammation of the uterine appendages, complicated by pelvioperitonitis, oral administration of antibiotics is possible only after the main course, and only if the need arises. As a rule, there is no such need, and the persistence of previous clinical symptoms may indicate the progression of inflammation and a possible suppurative process.

Detoxification therapy is mainly carried out with crystalloid and detoxification solutions in an amount of 2–2.5 liters with the inclusion of solutions of rheopolyglucin, Ringer, polyionic solutions - acessol, etc. Antioxidant therapy is carried out with a solution of unithiol 5.0 ml with a 5% solution of ascorbic acid 3 times a day intravenously [14].

In order to normalize the rheological and coagulation properties of blood and improve microcirculation, acetylsalicylic acid 0.25 g/day is used for 7–10 days, as well as intravenous administration of rheopolyglucin 200 ml (2–3 times per course). Subsequently, a whole complex of resorption therapy and physiotherapeutic treatment is used (calcium gluconate, autohemotherapy, sodium thiosulfate, humisol, plasmol, aloe, fiBS) [3, 15]. Physiotherapeutic procedures for acute processes include ultrasound, which provides analgesic, desensitizing, fibrolytic effects, increased metabolic processes and tissue trophism, inductothermy, UHF therapy, magnetotherapy, laser therapy, and subsequently, sanatorium-resort treatment.

Purulent tubo-ovarian formations

Among 20–25% of inpatients with inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages, 5–9% develop purulent complications requiring surgical interventions [9, 13].

The following features regarding the formation of purulent tubo-ovarian abscesses can be highlighted:

chronic salpingitis in patients with tubo-ovarian abscesses is observed in 100% of cases and precedes them;
the spread of infection occurs predominantly through the intracanalicular route from endometritis (with IUD, abortion, intrauterine interventions) to purulent salpingitis and oophoritis;
there is a frequent combination of cystic transformations in the ovaries with chronic salpingitis;
there is a mandatory combination of ovarian abscesses with exacerbation of purulent salpingitis;
Ovarian abscesses (pyovarium) are formed mainly from cystic formations, often microabscesses merge with each other.

The following morphological forms of purulent tubo-ovarian formations are found:

pyosalpinx - predominant lesion of the fallopian tube;
pyovarium - predominant damage to the ovary;
tubo-ovarian tumor.

All other combinations are complications of these processes and can occur:

without perforation;
with perforation of ulcers;
with pelvioperitonitis;
with peritonitis (limited, diffuse, serous, purulent);
with pelvic abscess;
with parametritis (posterior, anterior, lateral);
with secondary lesions of adjacent organs (sigmoiditis, secondary appendicitis, omentitis, interintestinal abscesses with the formation of fistulas).

Clinically differentiating each of these localizations is practically impossible and impractical, since the treatment is fundamentally the same - antibacterial therapy occupies a leading place both in the use of the most active antibiotics and in the duration of their use. In purulent processes, the consequences of the inflammatory reaction in tissues are often irreversible. Irreversibility is due to morphological changes, their depth and severity. Severe renal dysfunction is common [3, 9].

Conservative treatment of irreversible changes in the uterine appendages is unpromising, since if it is carried out, it creates the preconditions for the occurrence of new relapses and aggravation of impaired metabolic processes in patients, increases the risk of upcoming surgery in terms of damage to adjacent organs and the inability to perform the required volume of surgery [9].

Purulent tubo-ovarian formations are a difficult diagnostic and clinical process. Nevertheless, characteristic syndromes can be identified.

Clinically, intoxication syndrome manifests itself in the phenomena of intoxication encephalopathy, headaches, heaviness in the head and severity of the general condition. Dyspeptic disorders (dry mouth, nausea, vomiting), tachycardia, and sometimes hypertension (or hypotension during the onset of septic shock, which is one of its early symptoms, along with cyanosis and facial hyperemia against the background of severe pallor) are noted [4].
Pain syndrome is present in almost all patients and is of increasing nature, accompanied by a deterioration in general condition and well-being, there is pain during a special examination and symptoms of irritation of the peritoneum around the palpable formation. Pulsating increasing pain, persistent fever with a body temperature above 38°C, tenesmus, loose stools, lack of clear contours of the tumor, ineffectiveness of treatment - all this indicates the threat of perforation or its presence, which is an absolute indication for urgent surgical treatment.
The infectious syndrome is present in all patients, manifested in most of them by high body temperature (38°C and above), tachycardia corresponds to fever, as well as an increase in leukocytosis, ESR and leukocyte index of intoxication increase, the number of lymphocytes decreases, and the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left increases , the number of molecules of average mass increases, reflecting increasing intoxication.
Kidney function often suffers due to impaired urine passage.
Metabolic disorders manifest themselves in dysproteinemia, acidosis, electrolyte disturbances, and changes in the antioxidant system.

The treatment strategy for this group of patients is based on organ-preserving operations, but with radical removal of the main source of infection. Therefore, for each specific patient, both the time of the operation and the choice of its volume should be optimal. Clarifying the diagnosis sometimes takes several days, especially when differentiating it from an oncological process. Antibacterial therapy is required at each stage of treatment [1, 2].

Preoperative therapy and preparation for surgery include:

antibiotics (use cefoperazone 2.0 g/day, ceftazidime 2.0–4.0 g/day, cefazolin 2.0 g/day, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1.2 g intravenous drip once a day, clindamycin 2.0 –4.0 g/day, etc.). They must be combined with gentamicin 80 mg intramuscularly 3 times a day and metronidazole infusion 100 ml intravenously 3 times;
detoxification therapy with infusion correction of volemic and metabolic disorders;
mandatory assessment of the effectiveness of treatment based on the dynamics of body temperature, peritoneal symptoms, general condition and blood counts.

The surgical stage also includes ongoing antibacterial therapy. It is especially advisable to administer one daily dose of antibiotics on the operating table, immediately after the end of the operation. This concentration is necessary and creates a barrier to further spread of infection, since penetration into the area of inflammation is no longer prevented by dense purulent capsules of tubo-ovarian abscesses. β-lactam antibiotics (cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, imipinem/cilastatin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) pass these barriers well.

Postoperative therapy includes continuation of antibacterial therapy with the same antibiotics in combination with antiprotozoal, antimycotic drugs and uroseptics. The course of treatment is prescribed in accordance with the clinical picture and laboratory data; it should not be stopped earlier than 7–10 days. Infusion therapy should be aimed at combating hypovolemia, intoxication and metabolic disorders. Normalization of gastrointestinal motility (intestinal stimulation, hyperbaric oxygenation, hemosorption or plasmapheresis, enzymes, epidural blockade, gastric lavage, etc.) is very important. Hepatotropic, restorative, antianemic therapy is combined with immunostimulating therapy (ultraviolet irradiation, laser irradiation of blood, immunocorrectors) [2, 9, 11].

All patients who have undergone surgery for purulent tubo-ovarian abscesses require post-hospital rehabilitation in order to restore organ function and prevention.

Literature

Abramchenko V.V., Kostyuchek D.F., Perfileva G.N. Purulent-septic infection in obstetric and gynecological practice. St. Petersburg, 1994. 137 p.
Bashmakova M. A., Korkhov V. V. Antibiotics in obstetrics and perinatology. M., 1996. P. 6.
Bondarev N. E. Optimization of diagnosis and treatment of mixed sexually transmitted diseases in gynecological practice: abstract. dis. ...cand. honey. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1997. 20 p.
Ventsela R.P. Nosocomial infections. M., 1990. 656 p.
Gurtovoy B. L., Serov V. N., Makatsaria A. D. Purulent-septic diseases in obstetrics. M., 1981. 256 p.
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Krasnopolsky V.I., Kulakov V.I. Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages. M., 1984. 234 p.
Korkhov V.V., Safronova M.M. Modern approaches to the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina. M., 1995. P. 7–8.
Kumerle X. P., Brendel K. Clinical pharmacology during pregnancy / ed. X. P. Kumerle, K. Brendel: trans. from English: in 2 volumes. M., 1987. T. 2. 352 p.
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V. N. Kuzmin , Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor MGMSU, Moscow

Causes, symptoms and treatment of endometritis, video

Obstetrician-gynecologist Elena Koroleva about the treatment of endometritis.
Source - MC Juno Sources:

CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS AS ONE OF THE ACTUAL PROBLEMS IN MODERN GYNECOLOGY. Plyasunova M.P., Khlybova S.V. // Vyatka Medical Bulletin. – 2013. – https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/hronicheskiy-endometrit-kak-odna-iz-aktualnyh-problem-v-sovremenno…
CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS AND PELVIC PAIN. Plyasunova M.P., Khlybova S.V. // Maltseva L.I., Smolina G.R., Yupatov E.Yu. // Obstetrics, gynecology and reproduction. – 2012. – No. 3. – pp. 23-27.
Principles of individual hormonal preparation of the endometrium in patients with ineffective IVF attempts. E.V. Dyuzheva, E.A. Kogan, E.A. Kalinina, A.N. Kuzmichev // Akush. and gynecol. – 2011. – No. 7-2. – pp. 39-45.
Cytokines and embrio implantation. C. Simon, C. Moreno, J. Remohi, A. Pellicer // J. Reprod. Immunol. – 1998. – Vol. 39. – pp. 117-31.
Molecular and morphological aspects of endometrial receptivity disorders in chronic endometritis. E.A. Kogan, T.A. Demura, V.Ya. Vodyanoy, A.V. Shurshalina // Pathology Archives. – 2012. – Vol. 74(3). – P. 15-27.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/endometritis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254169-overview
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088354&type=printable
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/endometritis

IVF for chronic endometritis

Chronic endometritis prevents implantation of the embryo and can cause termination of pregnancy, therefore, at the stage of preparation for IVF, timely diagnosis and treatment of the pathology are important.

Any therapeutic measures at the stage of pregnancy planning for CE come down to the need to increase the regenerative capabilities of the endometrium and restore the patient’s reproductive function.

Timely diagnosis, comprehensive treatment and full rehabilitation of chronic endometritis can increase the percentage of successful IVF programs and minimize the risk of pregnancy loss.

Classification

Endometritis is classified according to stages:

acute - occurs with severe general (intoxication) and local symptoms;
subacute - occurs in the absence of treatment of endometritis in the acute phase against the background of weakened immune defense;
chronic - characterized by an unexpressed clinical picture, involvement of the basal (deep) uterine layer, proliferation of the mucosa, disruption of its structure. Most often, it is chronic endometritis that leads to a woman’s infertility and miscarriage. Depending on changes in the endometrium, this stage can be hypertrophic (excessive growth of the membrane), atrophic (underdevelopment and insufficiency of glandular cells, proliferation of connective tissue). And cystic - the formation of intraendometrioid cysts.

Among patients experiencing problems with natural conception, from 12 to 68% suffer from chronic endometritis. Among women with unsuccessful attempts to use assisted reproductive technologies, the disease occurs in approximately 60%. 70% of patients with recurrent miscarriage have a diagnosis of chronic endometritis.

Diagnostics

When diagnosing endometritis, diseases that are similar in their symptoms are excluded, so a careful approach is required. The study includes:

gynecological examination and questioning of the patient;
colposcopy. This is one of the most effective inspection methods;
general blood analysis;
microscopic and bacteriological examination of a vaginal smear, PCR diagnostics;
linked immunosorbent assay.

Thanks to a combination of methods, the diagnosis of endometritis gives quite clear results and allows you to prescribe effective treatment.

Causes

Usually the causes of endometritis are complex - several factors are needed that will influence together. These include:

weakened immune system;
infections;
mechanical damage to the uterus;
vaginosis (aka vaginal dysbiosis);
childbirth that took place naturally and led to complications;
damage due to scraping;
intrauterine devices;
abortion;
various endoscopic and other operations;
damage during caesarean section.

The essence of the disease is that the infection enters the uterine cavity, and if it is damaged and the immune system is weakened, its active development occurs. As a result, the infection can affect the entire mucous membrane and even spread to the muscles, causing serious complications.