Nicotinamide - Wikipedia - Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide

(
NAM
) is a form of vitamin B3 found in foods and is used as a dietary supplement and medicine.[3][4][5] As a supplement, it is taken orally to prevent and treat pellagra (niacin deficiency).[4] While nicotinic acid (niacin) can be used for this purpose, nicotinamide does not cause redness of the skin.[4] In cream form it is used to treat acne.[5]

Side effects are minimal.[6][7] At high doses, liver problems may occur.[6] Normal amounts are safe for use during pregnancy.[1] Nicotinamide is in the vitamin B family of medications, specifically the vitamin B3 complex.[8][9] It is nicotinic acid amide.[6] Foods containing niacinamide include: yeast, meat, milk and green vegetables.[10]

Nicotinamide was discovered between 1935 and 1937.[11][12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] Nicotinamide is available as a generic and over-the-counter.[8] Commercially, nicotinamide is produced from either nicotinic acid or nicotinonitrile.[12][14] In some grain countries, nicotinamide has been added to them.[12]

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Nicotinamide - what is it?

Vitamin remedy Nicotinamide has a structure close to nicotinic acid . Its synonyms also include vitamin PP .

This substance is an important component necessary for the full course of redox processes occurring in the cell. The vitamin also takes part in the metabolism of fats, amino acids, purines, proteins, tissue respiration and glycogenolysis . At the same time, there is no pronounced vasodilating effect, redness and irritation on the skin, or “flushes” of blood. In addition, the drug has an antipellagritic effect. Nicotinamide is characterized by rapid absorption and metabolism.

Medical use

Niacin deficiency

Nicotinamide is the preferred treatment for pellagra caused by niacin deficiency.[4] While niacin can be used, nicotinamide does not cause skin redness.[4]

Acne

Nicotinamide cream is used to treat acne.[5] It has anti-inflammatory effects, which may benefit people with inflammatory skin conditions.[15]

Nicotinamide increases ceramide biosynthesis in human keratinocytes in vitro and improves epidermal barrier permeability in vivo.[16] Application of 2% topical nicotinamide for 2 and 4 weeks has been found to be effective in reducing sebum excretion rate.[17] Nicotinamide prevents Cutibacterium acnes

-induced activation of toll-like receptor 2, which ultimately leads to suppression of pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 production.[18]

Skin cancer

Nicotinamide in doses of 500 to 1000 mg per day reduces the risk of skin cancer other than melanoma in high-risk groups.[19]

Indications for use

Nicotinamide is prescribed for hypo- and avitaminosis of the RR and a high need for it associated with:

• inadequate and unbalanced nutrition;
• malabsorption;
• rapid weight loss;
• diabetes mellitus;
• prolonged fever ;
• gastrectomy;
• diseases of the hepatobiliary region - hepatitis, cirrhosis;
• hyperthyroidism;
• chronic infections;
• gastrointestinal diseases;
• malignant tumors;
• diseases of the oropharyngeal region;
• prolonged stress;
• lactation, pregnancy.

In addition, this drug is actively used in the treatment of acute alcohol conditions and addiction.

Study

A 2015 study found that niacinamide reduced the incidence of new non-melanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses in a group of people at high risk of developing these conditions.[36]

Nicotinamide has been studied for many additional disorders, including the treatment of bullous pemphigoid and nonmelanoma skin cancer.[37]

Nicotinamide may be useful in the treatment of psoriasis.[38]

There is preliminary evidence of a potential role for niacinamide in the treatment of acne, rosacea, autoimmune blistering diseases, skin aging, and atopic dermatitis.[37] Niacinamide also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose). polymerases (PARP-1), enzymes involved in rejoining DNA strand breaks caused by radiation or chemotherapy.[39] ARCON (accelerated radiotherapy plus inhaled carbogen and nicotinamide) has been studied in cancer.[40]

HIV

Research has shown that niacinamide may play a role in the treatment of HIV.[41]

Contraindications for use

It is recommended to refrain from consuming this vitamin if:

• hypersensitivity;
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Caution in treatment requires such disorders as:

• hemorrhages;
• diabetes;
• gout;
• glaucoma;
• hyperuricemia;
• arterial hypotension;
• liver diseases;
• hyperacid gastritis.

special instructions

In addition to taking a vitamin supplement to prevent hypovitaminosis RR , it is necessary to adhere to a balanced diet, including foods rich in this vitamin in the diet. These include: yeast, liver, egg yolk, nuts, milk, fish, meat, legumes, buckwheat, chicken, unrefined grains, ground nuts, green vegetables, protein products and so on.

As a result of heat treatment, vitamin PP is retained in milk.

Taking the vitamin requires monitoring liver function. To prevent the development of fatty liver disease, you need to supplement your diet with foods saturated with methionine , take a drug with methionine or other lipotropic drugs.

The drug is not used as a lipid-lowering agent. You can reduce the irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract if you take the tablets with milk.

Overdose

Taking high doses of the vitamin can lead to the development of: arrhythmia, dizziness, diarrhea , dry skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, thirst, hyperuricemia, myalgia, nausea, vomiting , and so on.

Long-term use of vitamin PP sometimes causes fatty liver degeneration and cholestasis .

Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which leads to pellagra, a disease primarily affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system.

Synonyms Russian

Nicotinic acid, vitamin PP, antipellagric factor, 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid.

English synonyms

Niacin, vitamin B3, nicotinicacid, vitamin PP, Pyridine-3-carboxylicacid, 3-pyridinecarboxylicacid, Apelagrin, Pellagrin, Akotin, Daskil, Pelonin, Acidumnicotinicum.

Research method

High performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

Units

ng/ml (nanograms per milliliter).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous blood.

How to properly prepare for research?

• Do not eat for 2-3 hours before the test; you can drink clean still water.
• Do not smoke for 30 minutes before the test.

General information about the study

Niacin (vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin that is converted into nicotinamide in the human body. It is part of the coenzymes of some dehydrogenases: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). In these molecular structures, nicotinamide acts as an electron donor and acceptor and participates in vital redox reactions that are catalyzed by dozens of different enzymes. As a cofactor of enzymes, nicotinamide is involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, purine metabolism, tissue respiration, and glycogen breakdown.

Niacin has a hypolipidemic effect, dilates small blood vessels and improves microcirculation. It reduces the concentration of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein A, triglycerides, low-density lipids and increases the level of high-density lipids, which have anti-atherogenic properties (prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels). It also increases the fibrinolytic activity of the blood and prevents thrombus formation, reducing platelet aggregation.

Niacin is primarily supplied to the body through food. It is found in rye bread, buckwheat, beans, nuts, unrefined grains, yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat, liver, kidneys, mushrooms, pineapple. In the food industry it is used as a food additive E375. Satisfying the body's need for niacin is also ensured by its synthesis from the essential amino acid tryptophan in the presence of vitamin B6, riboflavin and iron by the intestinal bacterial flora.

If there is insufficient intake of niacin, the skin, digestive organs and nervous system are affected. A deficiency of this vitamin leads to pellagra, a disease that manifests itself with diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and is life-threatening without treatment. Skin lesions with pellagra are erythema resembling sunburn, especially pronounced on parts of the body exposed to sunlight; Pigmentation gradually increases and the skin thickens. Nausea, constipation or diarrhea occurs, the tongue becomes bright red, apathy, fatigue, depression, headache, disorientation appear, and sometimes the patient even loses memory. The development of dementia with delirium is preceded by increased irritability, depression and anorexia.

When consuming high doses of vitamin B3, hyperemia of the skin of the face and upper half of the body, dizziness, paresthesia, arrhythmia, diarrhea, dry skin and mucous membrane of the eyes, and itching occur. Long-term use of niacin can lead to fatty liver, decreased glucose tolerance, papilledema, asthenia, increased blood concentrations of uric acid, ALT, LDH,. During treatment with nicotinic acid preparations, it is recommended to monitor liver function.

What is the research used for?

• To diagnose vitamin B3 deficiency in the body.

When is the study scheduled?

• With clinical signs of pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, glossitis);
• with malabsorption syndrome due to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• with Hartnup syndrome (hereditary pathology of the absorption of tryptophan and some other amino acids from the intestine).

What do the results mean?

Reference values

Reasons for increased vitamin B3 levels:

• oral or parenteral administration of nicotinic acid preparations.

Reasons for low vitamin B3 levels:

• Insufficient intake of vitamin B3 into the body: Hartnup disease (a hereditary disease accompanied by impaired absorption of certain amino acids, including tryptophan);
• inadequate and unbalanced nutrition (including parenteral);
• gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by malabsorption syndrome (pancreatic pathology, celiac disease, persistent diarrhea, Crohn's disease);
• condition after surgical treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (for example, gastrectomy).

What can influence the result?

The level of niacin in the body is reduced by: isoniazid, phenytoin, valproic acid, azathioprine, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, fluorouracil, levodopa, mercaptopurine.

Analogs

Level 4 ATC code matches:
Medobiotin

Calcium Pantothenate

Volvit

Alpha Tocopherol Acetate

Riboflavin

Pyridoxine Hydrochloride

Pyridoxine

Vitrum Vitamin E

Analogs are represented by the following drugs: Aminicotin, Benikot, Endobion, Niacevit, Bepella, Niacinamide, Nicofort, Nicotol, Nicotinic acid, Nikamide and Pelmin.

Also have a similar effect: Neurovitan, Folic acid and Bepanten.

Reviews about Nicotinamide

In most cases, reviews of Nicotinamide are left by people who take it during pregnancy or to prevent vitamin deficiency . Pregnant women note that this drug is well tolerated and highly effective. It is also often reported that taking this vitamin improves the condition, appearance and quality of hair and nails.

Nicotinamide is often included in the diet of athletes, bodybuilders and athletes. At the same time, it is described as an excellent anabolic steroid that helps quickly and effectively build muscle mass.

Thus, there are only positive opinions about this vitamin product. However, experts remind that taking the drug without indications and without consulting a doctor is not recommended.

Recommendations

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